| What
type of graphic card do I have? $ lspci | grep -i vga 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation NV40.2 [GeForce 6800 LE] (rev a1) $ lspci | grep -i vga 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation Unknown device 0611 (rev a2) ( Ubuntu 7.10 fails to detect the ASUS Geforce 8800GT GPU. It has Nvidia's 8800 circuitry onboard) |
| List all PCI devices $ lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: nVidia Corporation nForce3 250Gb Host Bridge (rev a1) 00:01.0 ISA bridge: nVidia Corporation nForce3 250Gb LPC Bridge (rev a2) 00:01.1 SMBus: nVidia Corporation nForce 250Gb PCI System Management (rev a1) 00:02.0 USB Controller: nVidia Corporation CK8S USB Controller (rev a1) 00:02.1 USB Controller: nVidia Corporation CK8S USB Controller (rev a1) 00:02.2 USB Controller: nVidia Corporation nForce3 EHCI USB 2.0 Controller (rev a2) 00:05.0 Bridge: nVidia Corporation CK8S Ethernet Controller (rev a2) 00:08.0 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation CK8S Parallel ATA Controller (v2.5) (rev a2) 00:0a.0 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation CK8S Serial ATA Controller (v2.5) (rev a2) 00:0b.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation nForce3 250Gb AGP Host to PCI Bridge (rev a2) 00:0e.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation nForce3 250Gb PCI-to-PCI Bridge (rev a2) 00:18.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] HyperTransport Technology Configuration 00:18.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Address Map 00:18.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] DRAM Controller 00:18.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Miscellaneous Control 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation NV40.2 [GeForce 6800 LE] (rev a1) 02:08.0 Multimedia audio controller: Creative Labs SB0400 Audigy2 Value 02:09.0 Multimedia video controller: Internext Compression Inc iTVC15 MPEG-2 Encoder (rev 01) See also: hardware report... |
| List
all USB devices $ lsusb Bus 003 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 Bus 002 Device 004: ID 04b0:0304 Nikon Coolpix L4 Camera Bus 002 Device 003: ID 046d:c505 Logitech, Inc. Cordless Mouse+Keyboard Receiver Bus 002 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 Bus 001 Device 003: ID 046d:c01d Logitech, Inc. Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 See also: $ usbview |
| How do I show system messages? Messages from the kernel during boot $ dmesg Oct 23 16:31:16 momas-machine kernel: [ 59.610754] agpgart: Found an AGP 3.0 compliant device at 0000:00:00.0. Oct 23 16:31:17 momas-machine kernel: [ 60.688808] ppdev: user-space parallel port driver ... Oct 23 16:31:17 momas-machine kernel: [ 61.309157] apm: BIOS version 1.2 Flags 0x07 (Driver version 1.16ac) General system messages $ cat /var/log/messages $ cat /var/log/syslog See also: $ man syslogd |
| How
do I determine the CPU type? $ cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 <---- CPU core 0 (or the first physical CPU) vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 15 model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU E6750 @ 2.66GHz <---- CPU type stepping : 11 cpu MHz : 1998.000 cache size : 4096 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 2 core id : 0 cpu cores : 2 fdiv_bug : no hlt_bug : no f00f_bug : no coma_bug : no fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 10 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx lm constant_tsc pni monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr lahf_lm bogomips : 4269.65 clflush size : 64 processor : 1 <---- CPU core 1 (or the second physical CPU) vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 15 model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU E6750 @ 2.66GHz ... |
| How do I show the total and used memory? $ cat /proc/meminfo proc cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 1035636 kB <---- ca. 1GB MemFree: 278460 kB <---- Free. But total freeable,available = 278460(MemFree) + 361508(Cached) = 640MB Buffers: 26724 kB Cached: 361508 kB SwapCached: 0 kB <snip> SwapTotal: 2048276 kB <--- This machine has a swap. It's active but not needed yet. (see man swapon ) SwapFree: 2048276 kB <---/ <snip> VmallocUsed: 63708 kB VmallocChunk: 46676 kB See also: $ free |
| How many hard drives does this system
have? And what are the partitions and their types? $ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x2ac6adf8 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 2550 20482843+ 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2551 5100 20482875 83 Linux /dev/sda3 5101 5355 2048287+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda4 5356 19457 113274315 5 Extended /dev/sda5 5356 5482 1020096 83 Linux /dev/sda6 5483 8522 24418768+ 83 Linux /dev/sda7 8523 12170 29302528+ 83 Linux /dev/sda8 12171 19457 58532796 83 Linux <snip> See also $ cat /proc/partitions |
| How to check free disk space? $ df -h /dev/sda1 $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 20G 17G 1.7G 91% /media/sda1 /dev/sda2 20G 2.9G 16G 16% /media/sda2 /dev/sda3 23G 18G 4.7G 79% /media/sda6 -h = human readable output See also: $ du -h $ df -hiT |
| How do I report my IP-address? $ ifconfig -a eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1b:fc:de:e0:20 inet addr:86.203.14.211 Bcast:86.203.14.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::21b:fcff:fede:e020/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:411718 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:319105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:357701775 (341.1 MB) TX bytes:28529045 (27.2 MB) Interrupt:19 The blue color shows the IP-address (inet addr). The brown color shows the MAC-address (HWaddr). Every network card in this world has a unique hardware (mac) address. You can also see your IP-address on the web. Visit http://www.showmyip.com or http://ipid.shat.net |
| How do I restart my network connection? $ sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart If you have a DHCP connection... over cable modem or similar, renew your IP-address by typing $ sudo dhclient eth0 This command is handy when your network has been temporarily down. Renew your IP-address and connection. Replace eth0 with correct device name. |
| Can I run KVM (hardware virtualization) on
this machine? See question 1.4: http://kvm.qumranet.com/kvmwiki/FAQ Study also the virtualization guides here... |
| How
do I produce a complete hardware
report? $ lshw You can also create a HTML report etc. Check $ lshw --help An example: $ lshw -html > report1.html ------- Study also GNOME's System -> Administration -> Hardware Information dialog and http://hardinfo.berlio's product. It is a good system info an benchmarking tool with reporting option. It's in Synaptic. ------- The alsa-info.sh script can help you to
debug sound problems. $ wget
http://hg.alsa-project.org/alsa/raw-file/tip/alsa-info.sh$ bash
alsa-info.shHere is info of my sound hardware: http://pastebin.ca/1016095See also: $ lspci $ lsusb $ lshal |
| What do you call this Ubuntu release? $ lsb_release -a Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 7.10 Release: 7.10 Codename: gutsy |
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| What's
the version of this
Linux kernel? $ uname -r 2.6.22-14-generic or type $ uname -a |
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| What are
the kernel parameters (given at boot)? $ cat /proc/cmdline root=UUID=9887d5b7-62ec-4f07-beaf-82816f6d27fd ro quiet splash See also /boot/grub/menu.lst file. Look for the kernel line. |
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| Where
are the display, mouse and keyboard settings? These settings are saved in the xorg.conf file in /etc/X11/ directory. Type it out. $ cat /etc/X11/xorg.conf The most important sections are "Device", "Screen" and "ServerLayout". Luckily the X (Unix/Linux' display system) is highly sophisticated and almost automatic. There is no need to meddle with the /etc/X11/xorg.conf file anymore in Xorg v7.3 (trust me ;-). |
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| How
do I know if direct rendering is
activated? Direct rendering means that the display system is using OpenGL and the graphics card with accelerated speed to render text, 2D/3D images and windows. Games and Compiz 3D desktop need direct rendering to work properly. First of all you need to install a proper driver for your graphic card. Study step 5) of this guide. Then check whether direct rendering is activated (it should say; direct rendering: Yes). $ glxinfo | grep -i direct direct rendering: Yes Test the performance with glxgears program $ glxgears 58696 frames in 5.0 seconds = 11739.064 FPS 58458 frames in 5.0 seconds = 11687.287 FPS This new NVIDIA 8800 card paints graphics really fast. Numbers over 4000 FPS are pretty good thou. |
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| How
do I manually reconfigure the
display, mouse and keyboard settings? The mouse, video and keyboard settings are saved in /etc/X11/xorg.conf file. You can re-configure it. First, stop the graphical display manager (gdm, kdm, any ?dm).
This
will terminate the X. And rebuild the xorg.conf file. Restart the graphical display manager. This will restart the X. Note: Study also the Ubuntu's binary
driver howto... |
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| The
graphical display will not start. How do I configure a basic graphical display so I can get to the desktop? Vesa driver is always present in Ubuntu and all graphic cards can be set to a Vesa-mode. First, edit your /etc/X11/xorg.conf manually $ sudo nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf or $ sudo vim /etc/X11/xorg.conf Find and edit Section "Device" and set the Driver to "vesa". Section "Device" ... Driver "vesa" EndSection It will give you a basic 800x600 resolution display. Read the above advice how to restart the graphical display manager. |
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| How
do I test performance (speed) of this
graphic card? $ glxgears 28658 frames in 5.0 seconds = 5731.508 FPS (frames per second) 26464 frames in 5.0 seconds = 5292.711 FPS .... Numbers over 4000 FPS are pretty good. |
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| How
do I switch to a text console? Unix and linux are unique in that they have several plain text mode consoles. Press CNTR + ALT + F1 (or any F1...F6 ) to switch to a sepesific console number. Press ALT + F7 (or one of F7 ... F9) to switch back to the graphical UI. Study also Xnest:
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| How
do I set up screen resolution of text
consoles? You can add a "vga=" parameter to the end of kernel line in your GRUB menu.lst file. Edit your menu.lst. $ sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst Then locate your kernel line and add the parameter as shown in this example title Ubuntu Gutsy Beta , kernel 2.6.22-12-generic /dev/sda6 root (hd0,5) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.22-12-generic root=UUID=9887d5b7-62ec-4f07-beaf-82816f6d27fd ro vga=794 initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.22-12-generic quiet Table of valid vga (vesa) codes
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| How
do I list and set the default
sound
card? List the detected sound cards $ asoundconf list Names of available sound cards: Audigy2 Nvidia/Realtek mobo internal Set the default sound card $ asoundconf set-default-card Audigy2 Note: You can disable motherboard internal sound cards in BIOS (if you have several cards and the internal disturbs). EDIT: Multiple sound cards are not a problem anymore in the new PulseAudio audio system. All major Linux distributions are now moving to PulseAudio tools: pavucontrol, paman, pa*. See also: $ cat /proc/asound/cards $ lspci |
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| How
do I check mixer and volume
settings? Start $ alsamixer or $ gnome-volume-control Or double-click the loudspeaker icon on the notification area (toolbar). Normally you need to open at least Master and PCM channels to get sound output. |
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| What
disk drives / partitions are to
be mounted at system start? Study the fstab file in /etc directory. $ cat /etc/fstab |
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| What
are the correct disk IDs
(UUIDs) ? UUID is an unique identificator that is generated when you format a partition. It is often used in place of disk LABEL. UUIDs can easily get wrong in the /etc/fstab file, especially when you install several Linux-distributions and format some of the partitions. UUID mismatch in the /etc/fstab causes mount failures. Use the vol_id command to report correct UUID for a partition. $ sudo vol_id /dev/xxx An example: $ sudo vol_id /dev/sda1 List UUIDs for all drives / partitions ( cat /proc/partitions ): $ for P in $( cat /proc/partitions | awk '/[0-9]$/ {print $4 }' ); do D=/dev/$P; echo -n "$D UUID="; sudo vol_id --uuid $D; done /dev/sda1 UUID=404ffdf8-3643-4097-83af-429460a31a8e /dev/sda2 UUID=6d053143-6cd5-45d5-88a8-c8931a2aca67 <snip> /dev/sdb6 UUID=bc58978d-4dfc-4e07-9cc7-0a64450717af Now compare the UUIDs in the /etc/fstab to output from the above command. The IDs must match ! -- Be also careful when you copy GRUB menu lines from another system or from an old file. Here is a typical menu entry of a /boot/grub/menu.lst file. title Ubuntu hardy (development branch) root (hd1,1) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-2-generic root=UUID=b2861f09-e378-4988-9edd-9ef2438da482 ro initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-2-generic The root partition is identified by its UUID. If it is incorrect the system will not boot. Study also output of: $ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/ |
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| What
volumes (partitions) are
currently mounted? $ mount /dev/sda6 on / type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro) <--- this is your root filesystem "/". /proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) /sys on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) <snip> /dev/sdb1 on /media/sdb1 type ext3 (rw) |
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| How
to remount the
partitions after I modified /etc/fstab? $ sudo mount -a or $ sudo mount -a -o remount Study also: How to mount NTFS and FAT partitions... |
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How
do I check and activate swap?$ swapon -s or $ cat /proc/swaps You can create swap on a big disk file or a partition. Study $ man mkswap $ man swapon |
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| Where
is my boot menu? You GRUB boot menu is saved in /boot/grub/menu.lst $ cat /boot/grub/menu.lst You can temporarily change the GRUB boot menu. Press the 'e' key when in the GRUB boot menu (the first screen after power on). Move the cursor to a correct line an press 'e' again to edit it. These changes disappear after restart. You must edit the /boot/grub/menu.lst file to make the changes permanent. |
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| What
kernel modules (and
drives) are currently loaded? $ lsmod ... |
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| How
do I load / remove a module or
driver? $ sudo rmmod modulename # remove $ sudo modprobe -r modulename # remove $ sudo modprobe modulename # load a module See also: $ pcimodules |
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| Where
do the modules and drivers come
from? Open source drivers come with the Linux kernel. See $ ls -l /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/ or $ ls -l /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/*/*.ko Closed source (restricted) drivers come from the respective hardware vendors or from Canonical's (Ubuntu head quarter's) servers and repositories. |
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| Where
is the kernel source? See: $ ls -l /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build /lib/modules/2.6.22-14-generic/build -> /usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.22-14-generic The source directory should have a symbolic link (ln -s) to /usr/src/. The Linux source package is: $ apt-cache show linux-headers-$(uname -r) |
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| How
do I know if the firewall is up and running? Firewall in Linux is called iptables... Iptables is also the name of a command line tool to view and change the internal firewall rules. Iptables command line tool is nice, but a GUI firewall front-end is easier to use. List the current firewall rules $ sudo iptables -L An empty rule set will look like this... If the rules list is empty then rush and install the Firestarter GUI... ( It's in Synaptic. Search for package "firestarter" ) Then start Firestarter from the System -> Administration menu. It will generate some default iptables rules to protect your web life. See also: iptables-restore and iptables-save commands. Ubuntu's iptables howto.... Important! Read also the firewall section of this document... |
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| How
do I check who is/was logged
on? last, lastb - shows listing of last logged in users. $ last $ last -x How do I report the system uptime? uptime - Tells how long the system has been running. $ uptime |
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| I
forgot my password. How to fix it? <todo> |
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| How
do I edit a system file? (only root user or sudo can edit system
files) $ sudo gedit afile On a plain text console, $ sudo nano afile $ sudo vim afile |